diff --git a/docs/SIM.md b/docs/SIM.md
index f7a69ebe..85b64913 100644
--- a/docs/SIM.md
+++ b/docs/SIM.md
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ of coverage per 3 s), kept because the current wording no longer says so (feedba
 |---|---|---|
 | `stun` | cannot act / move; **a stunned operator blocks nothing** (its blocked enemies are released: taken over by another operator in contact with room, else they walk on — §1.2 Blocking) | – |
 | `freeze` | stun; **enemies** also RES −15 | – |
-| `cold` | ASPD −30; a 2nd cold while cold ⇒ `freeze` 3 s (unless frozen-immune) | – |
+| `cold` | ASPD −30; a 2nd cold while cold ⇒ `freeze` for max(remaining cold, the incoming cold after 抵抗) — PRTS 术语释义 寒冷 「持续时间取双方之中最高」 (`COLD_FREEZE_DURATION` 3 s only when neither side has a duration; unless frozen-immune). [ASSUMED] the one catalogue cold uses that 友方 sentence for an enemy-applied cold too | – |
 | `sleep` | 无敌且无法行动: inactive, untargetable, **takes no damage** (unless the attacker profile has `hitSleep` or the damage `ignoreSleep`), blocks nothing | – |
 | `slow` | moveMul 1 − value (*strongest*) | default 0.5 |
 | `sluggish` (停顿) | moveMul 0.2 | – |
diff --git a/server/sim/Battle.js b/server/sim/Battle.js
index e50bd35d..f97ab036 100644
--- a/server/sim/Battle.js
+++ b/server/sim/Battle.js
@@ -1340,10 +1340,12 @@ export class Battle {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Apply a catalogue status. opts: { duration, source, value, force, refresh, point } — returns true when applied.
-   * Honours enemy immunities (stun/silence/sleep/frozen/levitate/feared) unless `force`. `beforeStatus` handlers may
-   * cancel it or change `duration` / `value`. Official rules (buffs.js STATUS): 抵抗 (the `resist` status) shortens the
-   * RESIST_STATUSES by its value (default half; applied after `beforeStatus`); 浮空 lasts half as long on units heavier
+   * Apply a catalogue status. opts: { duration, source, value, force, refresh, point, resistApplied } — returns true
+   * when applied. Honours enemy immunities (stun/silence/sleep/frozen/levitate/feared) unless `force`. `beforeStatus`
+   * handlers may cancel it or change `duration` / `value`. Official rules (buffs.js STATUS): 抵抗 (the `resist` status)
+   * shortens the RESIST_STATUSES by its value (default half; applied after `beforeStatus`; `resistApplied` skips that
+   * pass — the cold-on-cold 冻结 below already used post-抵抗 lengths). A second 寒冷 while 寒冷 remains applies 冻结 for
+   * max(remaining, this cold after 抵抗) (PRTS 术语释义 寒冷 「持续时间取双方之中最高」). 浮空 lasts half as long on units heavier
    * than LEVITATE_HALF_WEIGHT (current massLevel); 冻结's RES cut hits enemies only; 麻痹 adds stacks; "同名效果取最高"
    * statuses (`valued`) keep the strongest value — a weaker application only extends past the stronger one's end (it
    * then resumes); other statuses refresh to the longer duration. 诱导 (`attract`) walks the enemy to `point`
@@ -1379,14 +1381,26 @@ export class Battle {
       else if (Number.isFinite(d) && d <= 0) return false;
       value = c.value;
     }
-    if (RESIST_STATUSES.has(key)) {
+    if (RESIST_STATUSES.has(key) && !opts.resistApplied) {
       const rv = this.resistOf(target);
       if (rv > 0) duration *= 1 - rv;
     }
     if (key === 'levitate' && target.s.massLevel > LEVITATE_HALF_WEIGHT) duration /= 2;
     if (!(duration > 0)) return false;
     if (key === 'cold' && target.findBuff('cold') && !(immune && immune.has('frozen'))) {
-      this.applyStatus(target, 'freeze', { duration: COLD_FREEZE_DURATION, source: opts.source, force: opts.force });
+      // PRTS 术语释义 寒冷: 友方寒冷 pairs into 冻结, 「持续时间取双方之中最高」. `duration` is this cold after 抵抗;
+      // the cold already on the target keeps timeLeft. addBuff refresh 'extend' below sets that cold to the same max.
+      // COLD_FREEZE_DURATION is only the fallback when neither side has a duration. resistApplied: that max is already
+      // post-抵抗, so the freeze must not be halved again.
+      // [ASSUMED] one catalogue cold, so an enemy-applied second cold uses this max too. PRTS states it on the 友方
+      // line only (敌方 cold becomes 冻结 when the target already has 敌方 cold or 敌方 冻结).
+      const prev = target.findBuff('cold');
+      const spans = [prev.timeLeft, duration].filter((t) => t === Infinity || (Number.isFinite(t) && t > 0));
+      const freezeFor = spans.length ? Math.max(...spans) : COLD_FREEZE_DURATION;
+      this.applyStatus(target, 'freeze', {
+        duration: freezeFor, source: opts.source, force: opts.force,
+        ...(spans.length ? { resistApplied: true } : {}),
+      });
       if (!target.alive) return false;
     }
     const source = opts.source ?? null;
diff --git a/server/sim/buffs.js b/server/sim/buffs.js
index aafcba12..b69b6189 100644
--- a/server/sim/buffs.js
+++ b/server/sim/buffs.js
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ export const STATUS = Object.freeze({
   stun: { flags: { stun: true, noBlock: true }, immune: 'stun' },
   // 冻结: 无法移动、攻击及使用技能; 敌方被冻结时，法术抗性-15 (the RES cut applies to enemies only)
   freeze: { flags: { freeze: true, stun: true }, mods: { resFlat: -FREEZE_RES_DOWN }, enemyOnlyMods: true, immune: 'frozen' },
+  // 寒冷: ASPD −30. A second cold while this one remains applies 冻结 for max(remaining, incoming)
+  // (Battle.applyStatus; PRTS 术语释义 寒冷 「持续时间取双方之中最高」).
   cold: { flags: { cold: true }, mods: { aspd: COLD_ASPD } },
   // 沉睡: 无敌且无法行动 (untargetable, takes no damage — except from `hitSleep` attackers — and blocks nothing)
   sleep: { flags: { sleep: true, noBlock: true }, immune: 'sleep' },
diff --git a/server/sim/constants.js b/server/sim/constants.js
index 44210f81..e6229ace 100644
--- a/server/sim/constants.js
+++ b/server/sim/constants.js
@@ -129,7 +129,10 @@ export const PULL_ORIGIN = 0.5;
 export const PULL_STOP_RADIUS = 0.6708;
 export const PUSH_DIRECTIONAL_MIN_DIST = 0.25;
 
-/** Freeze caused by cold on cold (DESIGN §5.3). */
+/**
+ * Fallback freeze when a second 寒冷 lands and neither the remaining cold nor the incoming one has a duration
+ * (Battle.applyStatus). A real duration uses max(remaining, incoming) — PRTS 术语释义 寒冷 「持续时间取双方之中最高」.
+ */
 export const COLD_FREEZE_DURATION = 3;
 /** 浮空 (ba.levitate): the duration is halved on units heavier than this weight (massLevel). */
 export const LEVITATE_HALF_WEIGHT = 3;
diff --git a/test/sim/combat.test.js b/test/sim/combat.test.js
index fac05af5..59e0b90b 100644
--- a/test/sim/combat.test.js
+++ b/test/sim/combat.test.js
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ test('stunned operator neither attacks nor casts but keeps its natural SP recove
   assert.equal(u.skill.activations, 0, 'silenced: no cast');
 });
 
-test('cold on cold ⇒ freeze 3 s (res −15), frozen-immune enemies only get cold', () => {
+test('cold on cold ⇒ freeze for the longer cold (res −15), not a fixed 3 s; frozen-immune enemies only get cold', () => {
   const h = makeBattle({
     defs: { enemies: { enemy_dummy: dummy({ res: 30 }), enemy_icy: enemyRec({ key: 'enemy_icy', speed: 0, hp: 1e6, immunities: { frozen: true } }) } },
     enemies: [{ key: 'enemy_dummy', pos: [11, 8] }, { key: 'enemy_icy', pos: [10, 8] }], content: 'none',
@@ -70,8 +70,11 @@ test('cold on cold ⇒ freeze 3 s (res −15), frozen-immune enemies only get co
   assert.equal(e.s.flags.freeze, true);
   assert.equal(e.s.flags.stun, true);
   assert.equal(e.s.res, 15);
+  assert.ok(Math.abs(e.findBuff('freeze').timeLeft - 5) < 1e-6, 'freeze lasts the longer cold (5 s), not 3 s');
   h.run(3.1);
-  assert.ok(!e.s.flags.freeze, 'freeze lasts 3 s');
+  assert.ok(e.s.flags.freeze, 'still frozen past the old fixed 3 s');
+  h.run(2);
+  assert.ok(!e.s.flags.freeze, 'freeze ends with that cold');
   h.b.applyStatus(icy, 'cold', { duration: 5 });
   h.b.applyStatus(icy, 'cold', { duration: 5 });
   assert.ok(!icy.s.flags.freeze);
diff --git a/test/sim/feedback3-cold-freeze.test.js b/test/sim/feedback3-cold-freeze.test.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..59c50ab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/sim/feedback3-cold-freeze.test.js
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+// A second 寒冷 used to apply a fixed 3 s 冻结 (COLD_FREEZE_DURATION) whatever the two colds lasted.
+// PRTS 术语释义 寒冷 (id ba.cold): 友方寒冷 pairs into 友方冻结, 「持续时间取双方之中最高」. The cold that remains is
+// already max(remaining, incoming) via addBuff refresh 'extend'; the freeze in the same moment must match it.
+// 抵抗 shortens the incoming duration before that max. A frozen-immune enemy still gets no freeze.
+// [ASSUMED] the engine's one cold uses that 友方 sentence for an enemy-applied cold too (PRTS states the max on
+// the 友方 line only). gamedata_const ba.cold names the freeze and not its length.
+
+import { test } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import { makeBattle, enemyRec } from '../helpers/battleHarness.js';
+import { hasGeneratedData } from '../../server/sim/simdata.js';
+
+const REAL = { skip: !hasGeneratedData() };
+const close = (a, b, eps, msg = '') => assert.ok(Math.abs(a - b) <= eps, `${msg} expected ${b} ± ${eps}, got ${a}`);
+
+function coldBattle(extra = {}) {
+  return makeBattle({
+    defs: { enemies: { enemy_dummy: enemyRec({ key: 'enemy_dummy', hp: 1e6, speed: 0, res: 30 }) } },
+    enemies: [{ key: 'enemy_dummy', pos: [11, 8] }],
+    content: 'none', autoFinish: false, timeLimit: 60,
+    ...extra,
+  });
+}
+
+test('cold 10s then immediately another cold 1s → freeze lasts about 10s, not 3', () => {
+  const h = coldBattle();
+  h.step();
+  const e = h.enemy('enemy_dummy');
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: 10 });
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: 1 });
+  close(e.findBuff('cold').timeLeft, 10, 1e-6, 'the shorter cold does not replace the longer one');
+  close(e.findBuff('freeze').timeLeft, 10, 1e-6, 'freeze');
+  assert.equal(e.s.res, 15, 'frozen: RES −15');
+  h.run(3.2);
+  assert.ok(e.s.flags.freeze, 'still frozen past the old fixed 3 s');
+  h.run(7);
+  assert.ok(!e.s.flags.freeze, 'ends with the 10 s cold');
+  assert.equal(e.s.res, 30);
+});
+
+test('cold 1s then cold 8s → freeze lasts about 8s, not 3', () => {
+  const h = coldBattle();
+  h.step();
+  const e = h.enemy('enemy_dummy');
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: 1 });
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: 8 });
+  close(e.findBuff('cold').timeLeft, 8, 1e-6);
+  close(e.findBuff('freeze').timeLeft, 8, 1e-6);
+  h.run(3.2);
+  assert.ok(e.s.flags.freeze, 'still frozen past 3 s');
+  h.run(5);
+  assert.ok(!e.s.flags.freeze, 'ends with the 8 s cold');
+});
+
+test('a shorter second cold does not shorten a longer remaining cold\'s freeze', () => {
+  const h = coldBattle();
+  h.step();
+  const e = h.enemy('enemy_dummy');
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: 10 });
+  h.run(6);
+  const remain = e.findBuff('cold').timeLeft;
+  assert.ok(remain > 3.5 && remain < 4.5, `about 4 s left, got ${remain}`);
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: 1 });
+  close(e.findBuff('cold').timeLeft, remain, 1e-6, 'cold');
+  close(e.findBuff('freeze').timeLeft, remain, 1e-6, 'freeze follows the remaining cold, not 1 s and not 3 s');
+  h.run(3.2);
+  assert.ok(e.s.flags.freeze, 'a 1 s or 3 s freeze would have ended');
+  h.run(1.2);
+  assert.ok(!e.s.flags.freeze);
+});
+
+test('抵抗 still shortens the incoming duration before the max', () => {
+  const h = coldBattle({ hooks: ['statusApplied'] });
+  h.step();
+  const e = h.enemy('enemy_dummy');
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: 2 });
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'resist', { value: 0.5 });
+  h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: 10 });
+  // incoming 10 × (1 − 0.5) = 5, remaining 2 → both cold and freeze are 5, not 10 and not 2.5
+  close(e.findBuff('cold').timeLeft, 5, 1e-6, 'cold');
+  close(e.findBuff('freeze').timeLeft, 5, 1e-6, 'freeze');
+  const freeze = h.hooksOf('statusApplied').filter((c) => c.target === e && c.status === 'freeze');
+  assert.equal(freeze.length, 1);
+  close(freeze[0].duration, 5, 1e-9, 'the reported freeze duration');
+  h.run(3.2);
+  assert.ok(e.s.flags.freeze, 'not halved a second time down to 2.5 s');
+  h.run(2);
+  assert.ok(!e.s.flags.freeze, 'not the unresisted 10 s');
+});
+
+test('a frozen-immune enemy gets the second cold and no freeze', () => {
+  const h = makeBattle({
+    defs: { enemies: { enemy_icy: enemyRec({ key: 'enemy_icy', hp: 1e6, speed: 0, immunities: { frozen: true } }) } },
+    enemies: [{ key: 'enemy_icy', pos: [10, 8] }],
+    content: 'none', autoFinish: false,
+  });
+  h.step();
+  const icy = h.enemy('enemy_icy');
+  h.b.applyStatus(icy, 'cold', { duration: 10 });
+  h.b.applyStatus(icy, 'cold', { duration: 1 });
+  assert.ok(icy.s.flags.cold);
+  close(icy.findBuff('cold').timeLeft, 10, 1e-6, 'the colds still take the longer duration');
+  assert.equal(icy.findBuff('freeze'), null);
+  assert.ok(!icy.s.flags.freeze);
+});
+
+test('吉兆飞鳞: the stun when a freeze ends follows the longer or shorter cold, not a fixed 3 s', REAL, () => {
+  const run = (first, second) => {
+    const h = makeBattle({
+      autoFinish: false, timeLimit: 40, hooks: ['statusApplied'],
+      enemies: [{ key: 'enemy_10045_parrot', pos: [10, 6], mods: { speedMul: 0, hpMul: 100 } }],
+    });
+    h.step();
+    const e = h.enemy('enemy_10045_parrot');
+    h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: first });
+    h.b.applyStatus(e, 'cold', { duration: second });
+    const want = Math.max(first, second);
+    close(e.findBuff('freeze').timeLeft, want, 1e-6, `freeze ${first} then ${second}`);
+    h.run(3.2);
+    const early = h.hooksOf('statusApplied').filter((c) => c.target === e && c.status === 'stun');
+    if (want > 3.2) {
+      assert.ok(e.s.flags.freeze, 'still frozen at 3.2 s');
+      assert.equal(early.length, 0, '失温坠落 has not fired at the old 3 s mark');
+    }
+    h.run(want - 3.2 + 0.3);
+    assert.ok(!e.s.flags.freeze, 'the freeze has ended');
+    const stuns = h.hooksOf('statusApplied').filter((c) => c.target === e && c.status === 'stun');
+    // the 0.05 s 【失温坠落】 stun is what the freeze's end applies; its own status hook then grounds the bird
+    // (Stun.duration, 8 s). The harness hears the 8 s one first because that hook runs inside the 0.05 s emit.
+    assert.ok(stuns.some((c) => Math.abs(c.duration - 0.05) < 1e-6), `【失温坠落】 0.05 s stun, got ${stuns.map((c) => c.duration)}`);
+    return h;
+  };
+  run(1, 1);   // shorter than the old 3 s: the stun is not held until 3 s
+  run(10, 1);  // longer than 3 s: no stun at 3 s, stun when the 10 s freeze ends
+});